Digital Communication

ece71 Articles
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ASK Modulation

Amplitude shift keying, OOK, bandwidth, probability of error.

7 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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FSK Modulation

Frequency shift keying, BFSK, orthogonality, bandwidth.

11 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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BPSK Modulation

Binary phase shift keying, constellation, BER = Q(sqrt(2Eb/N0)).

8 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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QPSK Modulation

Quadrature PSK, 2 bits/symbol, bandwidth efficiency.

5 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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QAM Basics

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, 16-QAM, 64-QAM constellations.

7 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Constellation Diagrams

Signal space representation, Euclidean distance.

12 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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MSK Modulation

Minimum shift keying, CPFSK, constant envelope.

8 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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OFDM Basics

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, subcarriers.

10 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Power Spectral Density

PSD of digital modulation schemes.

9 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Baseband Transmission Basics

Digital signals over low-pass channels, limitations.

4 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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NRZ Line Coding

Non-return to zero, unipolar, polar, bipolar variants.

9 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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RZ Line Coding

Return to zero, wider bandwidth, self-clocking properties.

11 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Manchester Encoding

Biphase coding, self-clocking, IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard.

9 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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AMI Line Coding

Alternate mark inversion, pseudo-ternary, zero DC component.

11 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Inter Symbol Interference

ISI definition, channel bandwidth limits, pulse spreading.

7 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Nyquist Criterion

Pulse shaping, raised cosine filter, roll-off factor.

12 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Eye Diagram

ISI visualization, eye opening, noise margin, jitter analysis.

4 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Matched Filter

Maximizes SNR at sampling instant, impulse response h(t) = s(T-t).

7 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Information Theory Basics

Entropy, information content I = -log2(P), Shannon.

6 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Source Entropy

Entropy H = -sum P*log2(P), maximum entropy conditions.

7 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Joint and Conditional Entropy

H(X,Y), H(Y|X), chain rule for entropy.

5 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Mutual Information

I(X;Y) = H(X) - H(X|Y), channel relationship.

9 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Channel Capacity

Shannon capacity C = B*log2(1+SNR).

7 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Shannon Limit

Implications of Shannon-Hartley theorem.

6 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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BSC Channel

Binary Symmetric Channel, capacity calculation.

10 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Source Coding Theorem

Shannon first theorem, entropy rate, limits of compression.

10 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Huffman Coding

Variable length codes, optimal prefix codes, algorithm construction.

5 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Shannon-Fano Coding

Top-down code assignment, comparison with Huffman efficiency.

5 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Error Control Basics

Detection vs correction, ARQ vs FEC, code rate.

12 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Linear Block Codes

Generator matrix G, parity check matrix H, syndrome decoding.

8 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Hamming Code

(7,4) Hamming code, single error correction.

11 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Cyclic Codes

Polynomial representation, systematic generation, CRC.

6 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Convolutional Codes

Encoder structure, constraint length, code rate.

6 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Viterbi Decoding

Maximum likelihood decoding algorithm, path metric.

8 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Spread Spectrum Intro

Processing gain, anti-jamming, low probability of intercept.

7 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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PN Sequences

Maximal length sequences, m-sequences, autocorrelation properties.

6 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

DSSS, chip rate, spreading code, CDMA basis.

4 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Multiple Access Techniques

FDMA, TDMA, CDMA overview.

4 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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CDMA Details

Code Division Multiple Access, orthogonality, near-far problem.

12 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Digital Modulation Overview

Coherent vs non-coherent, power vs bandwidth efficiency.

7 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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M-ary Modulation

M-PSK, M-QAM, symbol rate vs bit rate, trade-offs.

11 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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GMSK Modulation

Gaussian MSK, pulse shaping, GSM standard usage.

7 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Differential PSK

DPSK modulation and demodulation, non-coherent advantage.

11 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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OQPSK

Offset QPSK, avoiding 180 degree phase jumps.

12 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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HDB3 and B8ZS

High density bipolar 3, scrambling techniques.

5 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Equalization Basics

Zero forcing, MMSE equalizers, adaptive equalization overview.

5 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Correlative Coding

Duobinary signaling, controlled ISI.

11 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Scrambling Techniques

Ensuring transition density for clock recovery.

4 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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BEC Channel

Binary Erasure Channel properties.

5 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Differential Entropy

Entropy of continuous random variables.

5 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Lempel-Ziv Coding

Dictionary based, LZW algorithm, lossless compression.

12 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Run Length Encoding

Compression of repetitive data, simple algorithm.

12 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Arithmetic Coding

Concept of coding entire message as a number.

7 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Lossy vs Lossless

Subjective fidelity criteria, JPEG/MPEG examples.

11 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Turbo Codes

Parallel concatenated codes, iterative decoding.

7 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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LDPC Codes

Low Density Parity Check codes, near-Shannon limit performance.

9 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Trellis Coded Modulation

Combined coding and modulation, Ungerboeck optimization.

12 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Interleaving

Handling burst errors, block vs convolutional interleavers.

10 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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BCH Codes

Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes overview.

9 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Reed-Solomon Codes

Non-binary cyclic codes, application in storage.

10 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

FHSS, slow vs fast hopping, Bluetooth application.

5 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Rake Receiver

Multipath diversity combining in CDMA.

7 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Synchronization

Code acquisition and tracking.

7 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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OFDMA

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access, 4G/5G usage.

10 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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SDMA

Space Division Multiple Access, smart antennas.

9 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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CSMA/CD and CA

Carrier Sense Multiple Access basics.

7 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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MIMO Technology

Multiple Input Multiple Output, spatial multiplexing.

4 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Beamforming

Directional transmission, antenna arrays.

8 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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5G New Radio

Key technologies in 5G standards.

11 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Software Defined Radio

SDR architecture, reconfigurability.

11 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Cognitive Radio

Spectrum sensing, dynamic spectrum access.

10 min read
Feb 19, 2026