Microprocessors
52 articles • Complete guide
Code 8085 & 8086 like a pro – architecture, instructions, assembly, interrupts, and interfacing made actually enjoyable.
Bridge to ARM & modern MCUs for real embedded system jobs. Live 8085 simulator, assembly code runner, virtual interfacing labs, quizzes coming soon – start learning now!
Curriculum
Select an article below to start learning
8085 Architecture
CPU, registers, buses, ALU, timing diagrams
8085 Architecture Overview
8-bit ALU, registers, flags reduction.
8085 Pin Description
Multiplexed address/data bus, signals.
Timing Diagrams
Instruction cycle, machine cycle, T-states.
Control Signals
ALE, RD, WR, IO/M generation.
Demultiplexing Bus
Latch connection for address/data.
8085 Instructions
Instruction set, addressing modes, opcodes
8085 Programming
Assembly programs, subroutines, stack
Assembly Language Basics
Labels, mnemonics, operands.
Arithmetic Programs
Addition, subtraction, multiplication buffer.
Looping and Indexing
Counters, pointers, array processing.
Stack and Subroutines
PUSH, POP, CALL, RET instructions.
BCD Arithmetic
DAA instruction usage.
Time Delay Loops
Calculating delay using T-states.
Code Conversion
BCD to Binary, Binary to BCD, ASCII.
8086 Architecture
16-bit architecture, segmentation, pipelining
8086 Architecture
BIU and EU, 16-bit data bus.
Memory Segmentation
CS, DS, SS, ES, physical address calculation.
8086 Pin Diagram
Min/Max mode, lock, ready signals.
Flag Register 8086
Status flags and control flags (DF, IF, TF).
Instruction Queue
Pipelining fetch and execute benefits.
8086 Programming
Assembly programs, interrupts, DOS functions
8086 Addressing Modes
Based, Indexed, Based-Indexed, Relative.
8086 Instruction Set
MOV, PUSH, POP, IN, OUT, arithmetic.
String Instructions
MOVS, CMPS, SCAS, LODS, STOS with REP.
Interrupts
Hardware vs Software, IVT structure, INT n instruction.
DOS Function Calls
INT 21h, character input/output, string display.
BIOS Interrupts
INT 10h video services, INT 16h keyboard.
Macros vs Procedures
Expansion vs Call/Ret.
Assembler Directives
SEGMENT, ENDS, ASSUME, DB, DW, EQU.
Peripheral Interfacing
8255, 8251, 8253, 8259, ADC, DAC
Memory Interfacing
Address decoding, EPROM/RAM connection.
IO Interfacing
Memory mapped IO vs Peripheral mapped IO.
8255 PPI
Programmable Peripheral Interface, modes.
8259 PIC
Priority Interrupt Controller, cascading.
8253/54 Timer
Programmable Interval Timer, modes.
8237 DMA
Direct Memory Access controller operation.
8251 USART
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter.
7 Segment Display Interface
Multiplexing display using 8255.
Stepper Motor Interface
Driving coils sequence.
Keyboard Interfacing
Matrix keyboard scanning rows/cols.
Modern Processors
32/64-bit, ARM, RISC-V basics
Evolution to Pentium
286, 386, 486, Pentium features.
Protected Mode
Descriptor tables, selectors, protection rings.
Pipelining
Instruction pipeline, hazards, superscalar arch.
Cache Memory
L1, L2, L3 cache, hit/miss, mapping techniques.
Virtual Memory
Paging, segmentation with paging, TLB.
Branch Prediction
Static and dynamic prediction methods.
Multi-core Processors
SMP, CMP, shared memory consistency.
Hyper-Threading
SMT concepts.
SIMD Instructions
MMX, SSE, AVX overview.
Other Topics
Memory management, cache, multicore