Analog Communication

ece61 Articles
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Amplitude Modulation Basics

Definition, modulation index, time domain equation.

9 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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AM Frequency Spectrum

Carrier, upper and lower sidebands, bandwidth.

6 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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AM Power Relations

Carrier power, sideband power, modulation efficiency.

10 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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AM DSB-FC

Double sideband full carrier, classic AM generation.

7 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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AM DSB-SC

Suppressed carrier, balanced modulator, power saving.

9 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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AM SSB

Single sideband, filter method, phase shift method.

9 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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AM Modulators

Square law modulator, switching modulator circuits.

4 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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AM Demodulators

Envelope detector, synchronous detector.

11 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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FM Basics

Frequency deviation, modulation index, narrowband vs wideband.

7 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Bessel Functions in FM

Spectrum analysis, sideband amplitudes, carrier null.

4 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Narrowband FM

Approximation to AM, phasor representation.

10 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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FM Demodulation Basics

Slope detector, balanced slope detector.

12 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Foster-Seeley Discriminator

Phase shift discriminator operation.

8 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis

SNR improvement, time constants.

7 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Noise Taxonomy

External vs Internal, Shot, Thermal, Flicker, Burst noise.

10 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Thermal Noise

Johnson-Nyquist noise voltage, bandwidth dependence.

5 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Signal to Noise Ratio

Input SNR, Output SNR, SNR in dB.

5 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Noise Figure

Definition F, relation to noise temperature Te.

4 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Friis Formula

Cascaded noise figure calculation.

6 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Noise in AM Systems

Figure of merit, coherent detection SNR.

9 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Noise in FM Systems

Figure of merit, capture effect, threshold effect.

5 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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FM Threshold Extension

FMFB, PLL extension methods.

7 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Superheterodyne Receiver

Mixer, IF amplifier, image frequency.

9 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Image Frequency Rejection

Selection of IF, RF filter role.

6 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Direct Conversion Receiver

Zero-IF, homodyne, advantages and DC offset issues.

10 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Automatic Gain Control

AGC principle, simple AGC circuit.

8 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Sampling Theorem

Nyquist rate, aliasing, reconstruction.

12 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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PAM

Pulse Amplitude Modulation.

6 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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PCM Basics

Pulse Code Modulation, quantization levels.

7 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Quantization Noise

Uniform vs Non-uniform quantization.

10 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Companding

A-law, Mu-law compression.

10 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Delta Modulation

1-bit quantization, slope overload, granular noise.

4 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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DPCM

Differential Pulse Code Modulation.

11 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Communication Channels

Wireline, optical fiber, wireless, satellite.

9 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Link Budget

Friis transmission equation, path loss, fade margin.

9 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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FDM

Frequency Division Multiplexing hierarchy.

6 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Television Basics

Scanning, composite video signal.

10 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Indirect FM Generation

Armstrong method, frequency multipliers.

10 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Direct FM Generation

Varactor diode modulator, VCO.

9 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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White Noise

Power spectral density, autocorrelation.

5 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Equivalent Noise Temperature

System temperature, antenna temperature.

8 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Receiver Parameters

Sensitivity, Selectivity, Fidelity.

4 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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TRF Receiver

Tuned Radio Frequency receiver, selectivity issues.

11 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Natural vs Flat Top Sampling

Aperture effect.

11 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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PWM

Pulse Width Modulation, generation and detection.

9 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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PPM

Pulse Position Modulation.

8 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Adaptive Delta Modulation

Variable step size ADM.

12 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Analog vs Digital Comm

Noise immunity, bandwidth, cost, complexity comparison.

10 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Hybrid Systems

Modems, DSL, using digital data over analog lines.

9 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Applications

Radio broadcasting vs Cellular networks.

12 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Transition to Digital

Why TV and Radio are moving to digital standards.

8 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Carson's Rule

Bandwidth estimation, B = 2(df + fm).

10 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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VSB Modulation

Vestigial Sideband, TV transmission application.

4 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Costas Loop

Carrier recovery for DSB-SC.

8 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Ratio Detector

Amplitude limiting property.

4 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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PLL Demodulator

Phase Locked Loop as FM detector.

12 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Stereo FM

Multiplexing L+R and L-R signals.

9 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Double Conversion

Two IF stages for selectivity and image rejection.

8 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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Tracking and Alignment

Local oscillator padding, trimming.

8 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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PM Basics

Phase modulation equation, modulation index.

4 min read
Feb 19, 2026
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TDM

Time Division Multiplexing, T1/E1 frames.

6 min read
Feb 19, 2026