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Contents

Analog Communication

Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude Modulation Basics AM Frequency Spectrum AM Power Relations AM DSB-FC AM DSB-SC AM SSB VSB Modulation AM Modulators AM Demodulators Costas Loop

Frequency Modulation

FM Basics Bessel Functions in FM Carson's Rule PM Basics Narrowband FM Indirect FM Generation Direct FM Generation FM Demodulation Basics Foster-Seeley Discriminator Ratio Detector PLL Demodulator Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Stereo FM

Noise Analysis

Noise Taxonomy Thermal Noise White Noise Signal to Noise Ratio Noise Figure Friis Formula Equivalent Noise Temperature Noise in AM Systems Noise in FM Systems FM Threshold Extension

Receiver Architectures

Receiver Parameters TRF Receiver Superheterodyne Receiver Image Frequency Rejection Double Conversion Direct Conversion Receiver Automatic Gain Control Tracking and Alignment

Pulse Modulation

Sampling Theorem Natural vs Flat Top Sampling PAM PWM PPM PCM Basics Quantization Noise Companding Delta Modulation Adaptive Delta Modulation DPCM

Analog vs Digital

Analog vs Digital Comm Hybrid Systems Applications Transition to Digital

Other Topics

Communication Channels Link Budget FDM TDM Television Basics

Other Subjects

Analog Electronics Digital Electronics Signals & Systems Control Systems Electromagnetic Theory Digital Communication Network Analysis Microprocessors VLSI Design Verilog HDL Power Electronics Embedded Systems DSP Electronic Devices

Section Progress18%

2 of 11 articles

Natural vs Flat Top Sampling

Aperture effect.

Updated: 19 March 2026

11 min read

Natural Flat Top Quiz

Test your knowledge of natural sampling, flat-top sampling, and the aperture effect on signal spectrum.

Question 1 of 3

Q1.In flat-top sampling, each sample pulse has a constant amplitude equal to the signal value at the start of the pulse interval. This introduces which spectral distortion compared to natural sampling?

Related Articles

PPM

Pulse Position Modulation.

8 min read

PCM Basics

Pulse Code Modulation, quantization levels.

7 min read

PWM

Pulse Width Modulation, generation and detection.

9 min read

DPCM

Differential Pulse Code Modulation.

11 min read

Delta Modulation

1-bit quantization, slope overload, granular noise.

4 min read

Sampling Theorem