Analog Communication

Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude Modulation Basics AM Frequency Spectrum AM Power Relations AM DSB-FC AM DSB-SC AM SSB VSB Modulation AM Modulators AM Demodulators Costas Loop

Frequency Modulation

FM Basics Bessel Functions in FM Carson's Rule PM Basics Narrowband FM Indirect FM Generation Direct FM Generation FM Demodulation Basics Foster-Seeley Discriminator Ratio Detector PLL Demodulator Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Stereo FM

Noise Analysis

Noise Taxonomy Thermal Noise White Noise Signal to Noise Ratio Noise Figure Friis Formula Equivalent Noise Temperature Noise in AM Systems Noise in FM Systems FM Threshold Extension

Receiver Architectures

Receiver Parameters TRF Receiver Superheterodyne Receiver Image Frequency Rejection Double Conversion Direct Conversion Receiver Automatic Gain Control Tracking and Alignment

Pulse Modulation

Sampling Theorem Natural vs Flat Top Sampling PAM PWM PPM PCM Basics Quantization Noise Companding Delta Modulation Adaptive Delta Modulation DPCM

Analog vs Digital

Analog vs Digital Comm Hybrid Systems Applications Transition to Digital

Costas Loop

Carrier recovery for DSB-SC.

Darshan N

Updated: 19 March 2026

8 min read

Costas Loop Quiz

Test your understanding of carrier recovery techniques for DSB-SC signals using the Costas Loop.

Question 1 of 3

Q1.In a Costas Loop, the two quadrature arms multiply the incoming DSB-SC signal by cos(2pifct) and sin(2pifct) respectively, followed by low-pass filters. What is the output of the loop filter when the VCO frequency has a phase error of theta?

Amplitude Modulation Basics

Definition, modulation index, time domain equation.

9 min read

AM DSB-SC

Suppressed carrier, balanced modulator, power saving.

9 min read

AM DSB-FC

Double sideband full carrier, classic AM generation.

7 min read

VSB Modulation

Vestigial Sideband, TV transmission application.

4 min read

AM Power Relations

Carrier power, sideband power, modulation efficiency.

10 min read

AM Demodulators

FM Basics

Contents

Costas Loop

Costas Loop Quiz

Q1.In a Costas Loop, the two quadrature arms multiply the incoming DSB-SC signal by cos(2pifct) and sin(2pifct) respectively, followed by low-pass filters. What is the output of the loop filter when the VCO frequency has a phase error of theta?

Related Articles

Amplitude Modulation Basics

AM DSB-SC

AM DSB-FC

VSB Modulation

AM Power Relations

Contents

Costas Loop Quiz

Q1.In a Costas Loop, the two quadrature arms multiply the incoming DSB-SC signal by cos(2*pi*fc*t) and sin(2*pi*fc*t) respectively, followed by low-pass filters. What is the output of the loop filter when the VCO frequency has a phase error of theta?

Related Articles

Amplitude Modulation Basics

AM DSB-SC

AM DSB-FC

VSB Modulation

AM Power Relations

Q1.In a Costas Loop, the two quadrature arms multiply the incoming DSB-SC signal by cos(2pifct) and sin(2pifct) respectively, followed by low-pass filters. What is the output of the loop filter when the VCO frequency has a phase error of theta?