⌘K

Contents

Analog Communication

Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude Modulation Basics AM Frequency Spectrum AM Power Relations AM DSB-FC AM DSB-SC AM SSB VSB Modulation AM Modulators AM Demodulators Costas Loop

Frequency Modulation

FM Basics Bessel Functions in FM Carson's Rule PM Basics Narrowband FM Indirect FM Generation Direct FM Generation FM Demodulation Basics Foster-Seeley Discriminator Ratio Detector PLL Demodulator Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Stereo FM

Noise Analysis

Noise Taxonomy Thermal Noise White Noise Signal to Noise Ratio Noise Figure Friis Formula Equivalent Noise Temperature Noise in AM Systems Noise in FM Systems FM Threshold Extension

Receiver Architectures

Receiver Parameters TRF Receiver Superheterodyne Receiver Image Frequency Rejection Double Conversion Direct Conversion Receiver Automatic Gain Control Tracking and Alignment

Pulse Modulation

Sampling Theorem Natural vs Flat Top Sampling PAM PWM PPM PCM Basics Quantization Noise Companding Delta Modulation Adaptive Delta Modulation DPCM

Analog vs Digital

Analog vs Digital Comm Hybrid Systems Applications Transition to Digital

Other Topics

Communication Channels Link Budget FDM TDM Television Basics

Other Subjects

Analog Electronics Digital Electronics Signals & Systems Control Systems Electromagnetic Theory Digital Communication Network Analysis Microprocessors VLSI Design Verilog HDL Power Electronics Embedded Systems DSP Electronic Devices

Section Progress40%

2 of 5 articles

Link Budget

Friis transmission equation, path loss, fade margin.

Updated: 19 March 2026

9 min read

Link Budget Quiz

Test your ability to apply the Friis equation, calculate path loss, and determine fade margin in RF links.

Question 1 of 3

Q1.Using the Friis transmission equation, if the transmit power is 10 W, transmit antenna gain is 6 dBi, receive antenna gain is 0 dBi, frequency is 1 GHz, and free-space path loss is 100 dB, what is the received power in dBm?

Related Articles

Television Basics

Scanning, composite video signal.

10 min read

TDM

Time Division Multiplexing, T1/E1 frames.

6 min read

Friis Formula

Cascaded noise figure calculation.

6 min read

Applications

Radio broadcasting vs Cellular networks.

12 min read

Analog vs Digital Comm

Noise immunity, bandwidth, cost, complexity comparison.

10 min read

Communication Channels