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Contents

Network Analysis

Circuit Elements

Circuit Elements Review Independent Sources Dependent Sources Source Transformation Dot Convention Star-Delta Transformation

Network Theorems

Kirchhoff's Laws Mesh Analysis Nodal Analysis Superposition Theorem Thevenin's Theorem Norton's Theorem Maximum Power Transfer Reciprocity Theorem Millman's Theorem Tellegen's Theorem Compensation Theorem

Transient Analysis

Transient Behavior First Order RC Circuits First Order RL Circuits Second Order RLC Series RLC Parallel Response Laplace for Transients Initial Conditions

Sinusoidal Steady State

Phasors Impedance and Admittance AC Power Analysis Complex Power Power Factor Correction Three Phase Systems Power Measurement 2-Wattmeter Unbalanced 3-Phase

Resonance

Series Resonance Parallel Resonance Q Factor and Bandwidth Locus Diagrams

Two-Port Networks

Z Parameters Y Parameters h Parameters ABCD Parameters g Parameters Parameter Conversions Interconnection of Two-Ports T and Pi Networks

Network Synthesis

Network Synthesis Intro Positive Real Functions LC Network Synthesis RC Network Synthesis RL Network Synthesis Foster Forms Cauer Forms Properties of LC/RC/RL Immitance

Other Topics

Graph Theory Cut Set and Tie Set Duality SPICE Basics Filter Fundamentals Constant-k Filters m-derived Filters

Other Subjects

Analog Electronics Digital Electronics Signals & Systems Control Systems Electromagnetic Theory Digital Communication Analog Communication Microprocessors VLSI Design Verilog HDL Power Electronics Embedded Systems DSP Electronic Devices

Section Progress25%

2 of 8 articles

Positive Real Functions

Properties of driving point impedance functions.

Updated: 19 March 2026

12 min read

Positive Real Functions Quiz

Test your understanding of the properties that define positive real functions in network theory.

Question 1 of 3

Q1.Which of the following is NOT a necessary condition for a function Z(s) to be a positive real (PR) function?

Related Articles

RL Network Synthesis

Synthesis of RL driving point impedances.

11 min read

RC Network Synthesis

Synthesis of RC driving point impedances.

7 min read

Foster Forms

Partial fraction expansion method.

10 min read

Cauer Forms

Continued fraction expansion method.

7 min read

Properties of LC/RC/RL Immitance

Poles and zeros on s-plane.

5 min read

Network Synthesis Intro

LC Network Synthesis