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Contents

Analog Electronics

Semiconductor Physics

Energy Band Theory Intrinsic Semiconductors Extrinsic Semiconductors N-Type Extrinsic Semiconductors P-Type Carrier Concentration Drift Current Diffusion Current Einstein Relation Hall Effect Continuity Equation

Diodes & Applications

BJT Amplifiers

FET Amplifiers

JFET Construction JFET Characteristics JFET Self Bias Enhancement MOSFET Depletion MOSFET MOSFET IV Characteristics MOSFET Biasing Techniques Common Source Amplifier Common Gate Amplifier Common Drain Amplifier MOSFET as Switch CMOS Inverter Basics

Operational Amplifiers

Ideal Op-Amp Op-Amp Practical Parameters Inverting Amplifier Non-Inverting Amplifier Voltage Follower Summing Amplifier Difference Amplifier Instrumentation Amplifier Op-Amp Integrator Op-Amp Differentiator Comparator Schmitt Trigger Log and Antilog Amplifier Precision Rectifier Voltage to Current Converter Current to Voltage Converter Sample and Hold Circuit Active Rectifier

Oscillators & Timers

Barkhausen Criterion RC Phase Shift Oscillator Wien Bridge Oscillator Colpitts Oscillator Hartley Oscillator Clapp Oscillator Crystal Oscillator 555 Timer Astable Mode 555 Timer Monostable Mode Waveform Generators Voltage Controlled Oscillator Phase Locked Loop

Filters

Passive RC Low Pass Filter Passive RC High Pass Filter Active Low Pass Filter Active High Pass Filter Active Band Pass Filter Active Band Stop Filter Butterworth Filter Design Chebyshev Filter Design Bessel Filter Filter Frequency Response

Power Electronics Basics

Linear Voltage Regulator 78xx 79xx Series Adjustable Voltage Regulator LM317 Switching Regulator Basics

Other Topics

Other Subjects

Digital Electronics Signals & Systems Control Systems Electromagnetic Theory Digital Communication Analog Communication Network Analysis Microprocessors VLSI Design Verilog HDL Power Electronics Embedded Systems DSP Electronic Devices

Section Progress83%

20 of 24 articles

LED

Light emitting diode, forward voltage, wavelength, applications.

Updated: 27 March 2026

4 min read

LED Operating Principles

Understand optoelectronic emission and bandgap interactions.

Question 1 of 3

Q1.Why are pure silicon and germanium not used in the manufacture of light-emitting diodes?

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Diode Equivalent Circuits

Ideal, piecewise linear, constant voltage drop models.

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Varactor Diode

Voltage variable capacitance, tuning circuit applications.

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Voltage Multiplier